Mustika Ratu Case Summary

Mustier Rat's Marketing Strategy Throughout the backtalk, the organization extended its line conventional beautifying agents (facial consideration and improving cosmetics, hair and body care item) and the set up itself as the uncontested market pioneer †by 1998, four out of 10 corrective items sold in Indonesia were Mustier Rata brands. Situated as seriously estimated, quality items planned explicitly for Indonesian skin. Organization writing fortified that its items were normal and incorporated ageless Indonesian convictions of the wellbeing and excellence properties of neighborhood plants and herbs.Mustier Rat's Jambs spoke to a few market portions. Fragment : Men, ladies, grown-ups, and youngsters. Target : Predominantly center to upper-center salary signal safety net providers. Situating : Products were common and coordinated immortal Indonesian degrees of the wellbeing and magnificence properties of neighborhood plants and herbs. State of rivalry in the jam portion was gett ing savage in the following after years. Numerous side of the road slows down offering supports to fix migraines, help sexual drive or to decrease weight were normal. These supports were focused at the center to bring down pay showcase segment.So, Mustier Rata likewise contended in these market fragments with their flank image â€Å"Garage Jambs†. As indicated by the organization's 1 997 yearly report, this line â€Å"contributed to by and large benefit and had extraordinary potential for future development. † Exhibit low are Mustier Rat's item separation dependent on showcase section. Each portion has each showcasing methodology that reasonable to applied to their market. In light of understanding content, Mustier Rat's basic belief that become significant nature of Mustier Rat's item was high caliber of their common ingredients.It become a serious factor for Mustier Rata separation to another brands. This serious factor that Mustier Rata attempted to sell from their showcasing effort. This turned into a significant concentration in the organization's advertising correspondences. A normal of more than 25 percent of yearly net deals was spent n advertising efforts which advanced worth valued, common options in contrast to imported beauty care products. Another key advancement movement that expanded the organization's profile was sponsorship of a few significant magnificence occasions, including the Miss Indonesia pageant.B. R. A. Shamelessness' prominent as a proprietor of Mustier Rata, who conceded worthy accomplishment in the advancement of Indonesian culture and customs and the Asian Institute's Marketing Management Award (in 1992 and 1 995) likewise expanded Mustier Rat's profile in local region. Mustier Rat's Distribution Strategy Over the years, Mustier Rata had built up its own settled and exceptionally composed dissemination framework, controlled through an as of late introduced data innovation (IT) control system.The use of improved IT c ontrol frameworks guaranteed a more elevated level of administration and progressively proficient conveyance plans just as increasingly exact and convenient customer data. IT framework was likewise introduced because of the difficulties presented by Indonesian geology, which is Indonesian territory is so tremendous. Another critical test in conveyance in Indonesia was the profoundly divided nature of the retail business †a huge number of little outlets and side of the road slows down represented a huge level of Indonesian retail activity.Mustier Rata utilized all of kind dispersion channel to showcase their broad product offerings. Mustier Rata Brand's Distribution Channel ‘ Lower-and center pay brand : pervasive slows down, wet markets, traditional retail shop, grocery store, direct deals channel Upper-pay brand : Department stores, organization claimed stores, direct deals power Since 1 992, Mustier Rata had focused on heightening their retail chain dispersion channel.A nother key methodology was to increment of circulation channels recently oversaw by outsiders in their most thickly populated and worthwhile markets. The foundation of Mustier Rata-possessed and worked conveyance frameworks brought about a normal of two and one-half percent expansion in Mustier Rat's working edges. Conveyance time was likewise abbreviated, and nature of administration gave to retail outlets was improved. Organization additionally changed its records receivable approach, shortening the due period from 90 days to 30 days.Namely it tended to lead times and came about to littler request parts. As indicated by Essayist on the understanding content, the organization's wholesalers were his â€Å"eyes and ears† observing client feeling and handing-off crucial market data to the corporate showcasing division. Mustier Rat's International Market In universal markets, Mustier Rata utilized a blend of in-house possessed worked dissemination channels, just as contracted di stributors.Malaysia The organization's most noteworthy global market, representing 70% of worldwide income. 1 995, Mustier Rata set up a few â€Å"House of Mustier Rata† treatment focuses, which brought about multiplying deals. Target Market : Indigenous Malay (appropriately target), Chinese (kept going provided food), Middle market items. Philippines : Demographics in Philippines advertise were generally comparative with local product offerings. Target Market : Health and magnificence items for young ladies was one of the least packed market segments.Next step in entering the Filipino market was to gain by the set up outsider dispersion channels utilized for the body sprinkle and to present other item inside the Putter line just as Mustier Rat's thinning Tea. The Middle East : Mustier Rata had opened 14 â€Å"House of Mustier Rata† outlets in United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. Target Market : Brand with in creating common items that clung to the Muslim â⠂¬ËœHall' norms - ? items made with no creature fat and that had never been tried on animals.Other Countries : The another nations was : Hong Kong and Holland (Mail request dissemination channel) South Africa, Canada, Australia, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam Taiwan, and Thailand (Investigating Market) Successfully Navigating Through A Chaotic External Environment Mustier Rata had turned away the mishap in 1 998 that had happened to a considerable lot of beneficiary contenders through careful venture of the returns of their PIP (quite a bit of which had not been utilized as initially arranged), for the most part in transient stores at outside claimed banks.

Title of the Paper Essays (1567 words) - Education, Education Reform

Title of the Paper (Basic Thinking Essay: Final Essay ) Put together By ( Kadeejah Johnson, [emailprotected] ) Number and Name of Course (Prologue to Political Science - HistGov 130 ) Class Meeting Time/Day (T/T: 11:00 A.M. - 12:20 P .M.) Teacher (Dr. Carmen Walker ) Semester (Spring 2017 ) The present Date (Thursday May 2 , 2017 ) Bowie State University Division of History and Government Bowie, Maryland The most significant social issue influencing the United States kids and understudies in the year 2017 is instruction. The issues that are influencing Education are class estimates in urban territory schools, the No Child Left Behind Act, understudy wellbeing and government subsidizing. These issues have been significant qualities of disappointment in the two understudies and educators, in light of the fact that the understudies are not getting the consideration they need because of classes being too large. The instructors can't show the understudies the principal esteems, and significant subjects that they need as a result of the no youngster abandoned act, constraining educators to instructing for government sanctioned test. The two understudies and educators are influenced by the restricted financing, and the understudy's wellbeing because of incapable lunch programs. Above all these variables need an answer, these educators and understudies need financing, they need the essential instruction that was once given to my age preceding 2002. Training is the reason for all residents to accomplish throughout everyday life, and to put resources into their American Dream. To be instructed is to be given the essential qualities and materials should have been demonstrated residents. The study hall sizes are a significant issue confronting understudies in government funded schools. For instance, government funded schools in Georgia confronted a tremendous spending slice and made schools be shut (Background on Education.2016). The class sizes at a neighborhood primary school had gone from 16 to 27. The most troublesome errand was instructors having the option to make up for all the new understudies that had entered the homeroom. A progressively nearby and ongoing episode was in Fairfax County Virginia where personnel, are hoping to propose expanding study hall sizes during huge spending cuts. The subsidizing issue has made schools along the East Coast make an activity to guarantee that class sizes matter. There has been study's demonstrating that minorities seem to profit by littler homeroom measures the most. In cases, for example, these, the legislature has two alternatives in managing the full class sizes. Nonconformists and other gathering pioneers should advo cate for littler class measures, or potentially constructing more schools. For the most part, this implies resistance to subsidizing tuition based schools. The structure of more schools is an immense spending circumstance, that most government can aid is fabricating more homerooms in schools that have unused space. The subsequent issue confronting Education is the No Child Behind Act which was set up by President W Bush in 2002, to help understudies with national test. There are numerous reasons why this is an issue with instruction since it just permits instructors to teach their understudies dependent on the following State as well as National test. Numerous instructors and guardians consider this to be a weakness to government funded training condition (Koenig, Larry.2016). The Obama Administration chipped away at change NCLB approaches, anyway the emphasis of training on both National and State level keeps on being on the testing procedure. The legislature has removed the key significance of instruction from the two instructors and understudies, and have made rivalry among them. In the event that the understudies don't perform well on the test, they are set into this pool and are judge dependent on how they perform. For educators, there is this portion they should meet to get financing for ventures and projects (Jones, Maurice,2016). Understudy test scores are presently being utilized by a few states to assess educator execution, which at last squeezes workforce to remediate the individuals who do also. The legislature can just help by actualizing another bill as far as riding the arrangement of state administered test, and all the more so supplanting it with what educators the nation over feel is fitting. There likewise ought to be greater contribution from the National Education Association concerning helping instructors with preparing and the devices they have to make and produce incredible understudies. Understudy

Misplaced Modifier - Definitions and Examples

Lost Modifier s A lost modifier is a word, expression, or condition that doesnt unmistakably identify with the word or expression it is proposed to alter. In prescriptive sentence structure, lost modifiers are typically viewed as blunders. Imprint Lester and Larry Beason call attention to that lost modifiers don't make sentences ungrammatical. Lost modifiers aren't right since they state something the essayist didn't plan to state (McGraw-Hill Handbook, 2012). A lost modifier can generally be remedied by drawing it nearer to the word or expression it ought to depict. See Examples and Observations beneath. Likewise observe: Practice in Avoiding Misplaced Modifiers Models and Observations Plastic packs are a most loved of food merchants as a result of their cost, around 2 pennies for each sack contrasted with 5 pennies for paper. Utilized broadly since the 1970s, tree huggers presently gauge between 500 billion to a trillion packs are delivered yearly worldwide.(Savannah Morning News, January 30, 2008)â€Å"An hour later a tubby man in a wrinkled suit with pale skin strolled in.†(David Baldacci, The Innocent. Excellent Central Publishing, 2012)A Swiss rancher has found a gigantic trove of old Roman coins in his cherry plantation. . . . Weighing around 15kg (33lb), he found the coins subsequent to spotting something sparkling in a molehill.(BBC News, November 19, 2015)Bank laborer attempted to film stripped ladies as they lay in tanning corners on his portable phone.(Headline in the Daily Mail [UK], September 6, 2012)For numerous individuals eating spoonfuls of Marmite consistently would be their most noticeably awful bad dream, yet for St John Skelton it†™s his fantasy work. . . . Regardless of being despised by millions over the world, St John can’t get enough of the stuff and eats it pretty much every day.(Meet the Man Who Earns a Living Eating Marmite. The Sun [UK], April 14, 2012) Princess Beatrice, who is beginning a history degree at Goldsmiths College, London, in the not so distant future, was shot running in the surf on the island of St Barts with her American beau Dave Clark wearing a blue two-piece last month.(Sarah, Duchess of York Defends Princess Beatrices Weight Against Rude Critics. The Daily Telegraph [UK], May 13, 2008)April Dawn Peters, 31, of 2194 Grandview Way, in Cosby, [was] captured Sept. 19, at 10:30 p.m., and accused of exasperated attack after she supposedly hit a man on his head at any rate multiple times with a sledge that she was engaging in sexual relations with.(Newport [Tenn.] Plain Talk, September 22, 2012)And when upon your modest bosom I layMy wearied head, more delicate than eiderdown.(William Nathan Stedman)They just said it will rain on the radio.(Tiger comic strip)You are free to visit the graveyard where acclaimed Russian arrangers, craftsmen, and journalists are covered every day, aside from on Thursdays.(in a manual for a Russian Orthodox religious community) Antiquarians have been continued speculating over cases [that] Dr James Barry, Inspector General of Military Hospitals, was in truth a lady for more than 140 years.(The Daily Telegraph [UK], March 5, 2008)One of three sisters, Hilda’s father was a butcher who ran four shops in Oldham.(Tot of Sherry Keeps Hilda Going! Oldham Evening Chronicle [UK], August 20, 2010)Her just full-time paid representative is a charming young lady with a nose ring named Rebecca, who sits at the front desk.(reprinted in The New Yorker)She gave out brownies to youngsters enclosed by Tupperware.(reprinted in The Revenge of Anguished English, by Richard Lederer)After being busted on sedate charges in Los Angeles a month ago, a government judge will choose Friday whether to revoke his probation and send the rapper back to prison.(Rapper T.I. Talks Man off Ledge. Record, October 14, 2010)Comedian Russell Brand uncovered he had sex with model Sophie Coady during a High Court hearing on Monday.(Russell Bra nd Confesses in Court . . .. The Daily Mail [UK], December 24, 2013) Safires Bloopie Awards Never has the opposition for the Most Egregiously Misplaced Modifier Bloopie been more smoking. Among the candidates:Lands End, the Direct Merchants, on their washing clothing: We can fit you in a bathing suit that fits and flattersright via telephone! The bathing suit compliments via telephone? . . . Better to swing the finish of the sentence to the front, where the pronoun to be changed can be discovered: Right via telephone, we can fit you etc.And heres a succulent one from Minute Maid: Help todays U.S. Olympic Hopefuls become tomorrows Olympic Champions by buying Minute Maid Quality Products. Competitors don't become tomorrows champs by buying anything; swing the end around to the start and append it to a you: By buying . . . you can help etc.The champ in this classification? The envelope, please: Its Honda Motor Cars, with its fiercely turning guarantee, While satisfying to your eye, the air ignoring and around the body scarcely sees it. Air isn't satisfying to your eye; the veh icles body should come following the changing expression. Consequently: While satisfying to your eye, the body is not really seen by the air disregarding and around it. That plan would not bode well, either, however in any event the modifier would be appended to the privilege noun.(William Safire, On Language: The Bloopie Awards. The New York Times, May 17, 1992) Tricky Modifiers Certain modifiers are tricky; they slide into an inappropriate situation in the sentence. The most perilous are just, nearly, effectively, even, just, about, simply, and consistently. No: They nearly worked five years on that framework. Indeed: They worked very nearly five years on that framework. When all is said in done, these tricky descriptors ought to show up not long before the terms they alter. (E. H. Weiss, 100 Writing Remedies. Greenwood, 1990) James Thurber on the Placement ofOnly Where to utilize just in a sentence is a debatable inquiry, probably the mootest inquiry in all talk. The idealist will say that the articulation: He just passed on a week ago is off base, and that it ought to be: He kicked the bucket just a week ago. The perfectionists conflict is that the primary sentence, whenever did to a characteristic end, would give us something like this: He just kicked the bucket a week ago, he didnt do whatever else, that is everything he did. It isnt a characteristic end, in any case, since no one would state that and on the off chance that anyone did it is probably going to prompt stepping of feet and applauding, in light of the fact that it is one of those singy-songy articulations which set a specific sort of individual to acting boisterous and getting unmanageable. It is better just to release the articulation, it is possible that single direction or the other, on the grounds that, all things considered, this specific sentence is of no significance wit h the exception of in situations where one is breaking the news to a mother. In such cases one should start with: Mrs. Gormley, your child has had a mishap, or: Mrs. Gormley, your child is slightly below average, and afterward lead up tenderly to: He passed on just last week.The most ideal way is frequently to preclude just and utilize some other articulation. In this manner, rather than saying: He just passed on a week ago, one could state: It was not, at this point prior than keep going Thursday that George L. Wodolgoffing turned into a holy messenger. Also, this is progressively express and disposes of the chance of a misconception with regards to who died.(James Thurber, Our Own Modern English Usage: Only and One. The New Yorker, February 23, 1929. Republished in The Owl in the Attic and Other Perplexities. Harper Brothers, 1931) Elocution: MIS-plast MOD-I-FI-er

Simple Steps To Deal With Anxiety Related To New SAT

The big news in the academic circuit this year has been the fact that the SAT has changed. It is now in its new avatar and available in print and computer. It was first conducted in March this year and has brought with it several changes. Of course that meant there were instant doubts and fear of the unknown. Is the new SAT harder on low level readers? Will candidates who have been taught Math with calculators struggle with it? These were some of the questions that left students anxious. Understanding the timeline SAT in its previous format was held for the last time in January 2016. But you have to understand that the New SAT, held March 2016 onwards, will have no bearing on students graduating in the year. However those graduating in 2017 or after will have to take the new SAT. While the announcement of the new test format sent alarm bells ringing amongst students, the thing to note here is that it isn’t the first time the College Board has revamped the exam. And it certainly won’t be the last. Ways to deal with the stress related to New SAT Given the significance of SAT to your academic future, it’s only natural that you take it quite seriously. In fact many may have been preparing for it for a long time. So don’t panic about the changes in the test; prep smartly and the new SAT will be a breeze. Familiarize yourself with the new format The first step in conquering your fear is to know what you are dealing with. The new SAT is a three hour test with scoring between 400 – 1600. Evidence based reading and optional essay are the new sections, while the good news is that there is no guessing penalty. Practice tests are available and helpful The no calculator section or disappearance of sentence completion section might seem like a setback, but there’s enough on the test that lets you score well. You can download the four practice tests from College Board website to get things on track. Related articles #SAT College Board,#SAT Score #RefundAugustSAT | Have my SAT Scores Been Compromised? 0 1043 #SAT College Board New SAT 2018-2019 - Dates and Deadlines 0 9114 # Meet Our SAT Leaderboard Toppers! 0 2297 #SAT Score Average SAT Scores At 10 Top Universities   0 0 #SAT College Board Where to find answer explanations for SAT Blue Book? 0 5534 Use stress reduction techniques It’s only natural that you are stressed about the changes in the crucial exam, but it will only lead to mistakes. To avoid that you can focus on methods like deep breathing or tense-release relaxation techniques that are known to help. Finally, remember that the SAT is not a reflection of your IQ. Yes, it opens doors for you, and you should prepare for it seriously, but it’s not the end of the road for anyone. Start prepping for SAT with QS-LEAP. FREE!

America And The Two World Wars - 1441 Words

Andrew Iarocci and Jeffrey A. Keshen, A Nation in Conflict: Canada and the Two World Wars (University of Toronto Press, 2015) Andrew Iarocci and Jeffrey A. Keshen’s A Nation in Conflict: Canada and the Two World Wars, gives us an overview of Canada’s contributions to the two World Wars and compares their work overseas militarily, and the political and societal changes on the home front. The following will summarize Iarocci and Keshen’s book, and will end with a discussion and reflection on its strengths and weaknesses. The first chapter, ‘Politics and Recruitment,’ outlines Canada’s involvement in the two World Wars and compares the different approaches to recruitment of Prime Minster Robert Laird Borden in the First World War and that of Prime Minster William Lyon Mackenzie King’s approach during the second. The First World War came as a surprise to many Canadians. Throughout English Canada, Canadians were enthusiastic for the fight and viewed the war as a way to preserve freedom from German militarism. The patriotic duty of soldiers would demonstrate loyalty to secure a strong voice for Canada in shaping imperial affairs. The Dominion of Canada entered the war with a small permanent military force of about 3,000 soldiers and the war had relatively little impact on the daily lives of Canadians. (7) By October 1914, the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) had 36,267 soldiers overseas – the largest military force ever to depart Canada. (10) With the war brought new l egislationShow MoreRelated America in World War Two Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pages Leading into the American involvement in World War II, American ideas were harsh. The United States turned to isolationism instead of involvement. Most Americans opposed taking a role in the war. Many even opposed any aid to help those countries who were in war. 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The Influence of Mythology on Literature and Society Essay

The Influence of Mythology on Literature and Society Edith Hamilton is the author of the book Mythology. This book is about the Mythology of the Romans and Greeks through her eyes and the way she interprets it. In the beginning of the book Hamilton writes an introduction to Classical Mythology and how, and why it came about. She starts off by writing that Greek and Roman Mythology is meant to show us how people felt about the human race and about where they came from many years ago. She points out that Mythology describes the Earth when it was young and people cared for the Earth more than today. This is true, because in today?s world not many people are caring about the Earth and its going by us fast. She also points out that†¦show more content†¦An example would be how the Egyptian god?s have different body parts with other bodies and the Greek gods are humans. Hamilton states that the Egyptians made gods they thought up and made them in a way that no one has seen before. The Greeks therefore made their gods in there own image. That made it easier for them to understand them and know how they act. The major point Hamilton is showing in this introduction is that Mythology is a new to look at life and to understand it under a different light. Another point she states is that Greek Mythology it?s self, is so unique that it showed extreme beauty yet fear at that same time. The gods were not to be completely feared, but respected to the point where you didn?t anger them. Greek Mythology is also unique, because it doesn?t have many of the things that are in most religion or folklore. Hamilton states that Greek Mythology didn?t contain Magic or Witches, and in reality didn?t f ear the dead, they actually pitied the dead. Hamilton?s main point in this whole introduction is that Mythology itself is completely and totally different from any other religion or folklore ever. Mythology was written in such a beautiful way that upon reading it, it seems real and it begins to take shape. She is also saying that Greek Mythology was in a way different than normal Mythology and therefore changed the face of Mythology forever. PART TWO: Aside from mortals and immortals inShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Ancient Greek Mythology on Modern Society Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Greek society fell over 2000 years ago but despite this, its mythology still continues to influence our western society. References to Greek mythology can be found all through time and in our western culture. The influence of Greek mythology can be found in our science, arts and literature and our language. When Ancient Greece fell to the Roman Empire, Rome adapted its mythologies which still influence us today as they have through history. That is not to say that Greek mythology wasn’t influencedRead MoreThe Educated Imagination: Chapter 5 Essay850 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand twentieth century society. The understanding of the Christian Bible, and Greek/Roman mythology are said by Frye to be key factors in how a child will interpret future literature. It is noted by Frye that the bible should be taught first, followed by t he mythologies of the Greeks/Romans. I agree with his ideas about the order of exposure, as being the foundation of western society as it is best suited to being the foundation for learning of a child from said society. Frye focuses less on theRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Ancient Greece1107 Words   |  5 Pagesand every day. Various gods ruled these different city states. Mythology was very huge in Ancient Greece. There are so many different folktales and myths from Ancient Greece. Do you ever wonder if any of those ancient Myth’s were true? 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Rome1179 Words   |  5 Pagespopular media, this essay attempts to illustrate how the representation of ancient Greece and Rome in books and movies influence our lives and emphasize the need to stay informed as these influences can be both beneficial and detrimental to our perception of the world. The way ancient culture can impact our ideals is demonstrated by various contemporary adaptations of Greek mythology. For instance, in 1997, Walt Disney produced the animated movie Hercules, based on stories about the legendary GreekRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 PagesMonumental Texts (An Analysis of the Three Most Important Texts Studied This Semester) Literature affects every aspect of our lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe couldRead MoreAnalysis Of Arachne And Minerva As A Didactic Work Of Mythology1301 Words   |  6 PagesCrimes of Heaven: Defining â€Å"Arachne and Minerva† as a Didactic Work of Mythology An ancient prose narrative, all versions of â€Å"Arachne and Minerva† warn readers of the consequences facing those who disrespect the gods by recounting Athena’s actions when faced with mortal hubris. In studying prose narratives, William Bascom defined a valid myth as one: set in an earlier world, focused on a main character of a divine nature, and considered sacred and true by its original audience. Ovid’s â€Å"Arachne

Nuclear Energy †Blessing or Curse free essay sample

One of the major advantages of nuclear power is that by generating electricity by nuclear reactors, nuclear power plants do not produce carbon dioxide, the principal greenhouse gas causing global warming. Experts have proved that Britain’s power plants have decreased the nation’s carbon dioxide emission by between 7 and 14 per cent. Although even nuclear energy isn’t 100 per cent clean, it is considered carbon free. Secondly, nuclear power plants provide low-cost energy at a stable price, and have relatively low operating cost. Researches have proven that the operating and maintaining cost have been declining over the past decades. Furthermore, nuclear power plants can be operated for an extended period of time. Needless to say, low price energy is very beneficial for the industry. On the other hand, nuclear power plants produce nuclear waste, which is not biodegradable and is extremely dangerous. Moreover, it remains hazardous for thousands of years. There ere several ways in which nuclear waste is stored, such as burying the waste under the ocean floor, storing it underground or shooting it into space. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Energy – Blessing or Curse? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most promising option so far is burying it underground. However, this method poses great threat to wildlife, and if nuclear waste comes into contact with groundwater, it can easily contaminate it. One of the most potent arguments that has been put against nuclear energy is the issue of nuclear disasters. Nuclear disasters occurred in Chernobyl in 1986 and in Fukushima in 2011. Although risks for such catastrophes are not high, there can be serious consequences: dozens of people died due to exposure of radiation, cancer rates increased in much of the population which was exposed to radioactive contamination, and substantial amounts of radiation got into the atmosphere. In conclusion, it can be argued that nuclear energy has its own risks, but if it is used with caution, it is a valuable energy source. There are lots of nuclear power plants around the world and shutting them down would be a waste of energy and money. However, it would be beneficial for humanity to invest in safer energy resources.

John Mccain Essays - John McCain, Military Brats,

John Mccain Senator John McCain, a Republican from Arizona, has had a long and distinguished career in both the military and in politics. A United States Naval Pilot and Captain who received the Silver Star, Bronze Star, Legion of Merit, and Purple Heart, McCain then moved onto the House of Representatives and Senate (Biographical Data for John S. McCain). In April of 1999, McCain announced his candidacy for President, stating his mission to restore integrity into the office, reform government, and renew the American dream(The John McCain Story). Senator McCain's platform is classic GOP conservatism?a strong defense, less government regulation, tax reductions, local oversight of education?(The Issue: Senator John McCain ). McCain has endeavored to fulfill his dream by creating a web site devoted to his campaign, giving numerous speeches, running many television ads and appearing on various television programs. An integral part of his campaign has been to reach the less reliable, harder to attrac t youth vote. America's youth today is disenchanted with the political system. Two-thirds of young Americans don't vote, primarily because they don't feel candidates are addressing issues important to them (Cox, Finklestein). According to a Youth Survey conducted by Project Vote Smart, voters aged 18-24 think school shootings and kids with guns, crime and violence, poverty and unemployment, corrupt government and illicit drug sales are the five most important problems facing America today (General Population). Meanwhile, candidates spend the majority of time discussing issues such as Social Security, taxes and abortion, which are not of as much concern to young voters. John McCain has actively sought out 18-24 year olds, the group collectively known as Generation Y. The Arizona Senator reached out to young voters with a message of personal honesty and government reform, drawing large crowds on college campuses in New Hampshire and South Carolina (Sullivan, McCain Gets). McCain has addressed some of the issues that concern America's youth today. The Senator does not support gun bans but does promote effective measures that keep firearms out of the hands of criminals, children, and the mentally incompetent(Cox, Finklestein). Corruption in government, particularly the role that money plays in politics, is a main issue of McCain's campaign and is being addressed through his strategy to ameliorate campaign finance. McCain has led the fight in Congress to reform campaign finance, especially soft money contributions which are large donations to national parties from individuals, corporations and labor unions that are not susceptible to regulation. McCain, along with Democratic candidate Bill Bradley, is credited as being the first to discuss reforming the campaign finance system (Cox, Finklestein). In the Youth Survey conducted by Project Vote Smart, respondents aged 18-24 chose the World Wide Web as their most useful information source (General Population). McCain is utilizing the power of the Internet to build mailing lists, solicit contributions and to attract young voters, many of whom are more acquainted with computer networks than political networks (Sullivan, Virtual). The Internet has proved to be an important organizing tool in McCain's campaign. Young people interested in becoming involved in his campaign will find a web site that devotes an entire page to each youth organization in each state. Pages consist of upcoming events, biographical information, photographs, links and contact information, putting various aspects of McCain's campaign at the very technologically advanced fingertips of America's youth (Students 4 Dole). Each page varies; some simply list contact information, while others have inspirational letters from McCain supporters and extravagant graphics l ike waving state flags. Virtual volunteers assist electronically, emailing everything from polling station maps to voting reminders to downloadable pictures of McCain This is how we're making the Internet local to everybody, said Max Fose, McCain's Internet manager (Sullivan, Virtual). McCain is attracting Generation Y through various appearances at college campuses, using his standard line of inspiring a generation of young Americans to commit to causes greater than themselves(Gannon). McCain's Campus Connection, a group of one hundred and sixty college campuses nationwide, recently joined Students 4 Dole, an organization of over two hundred schools and colleges nationwide, to form one of the largest collections of student leaders in America. McCain's Campus Connection is now a central part of his Internet site, with its own e-mail communications network. According to

What Is the LaTeX System (An Overview) Proofed

What Is the LaTeX System (An Overview) Proofed What Is the LaTeX System? (An Overview) In the context of academic writing, the word â€Å"LaTeX† usually refers to the document preparation system.* This system is common in the sciences, computing, and engineering subjects. But what exactly is this system? And how does it work? Check out our guide to find out. What Is LaTeX? LaTeX (pronounced â€Å"lay-tech†) isn’t quite like Microsoft Word, where the formatted text you see on screen is what you get when you print out a document. Instead, LaTeX is a plain text system. Formatting a LaTeX document therefore involves using markup tags (i.e., commands in the text that control how the document will appear). These markup tags also control the structure of the document and provide a simple way to insert and format mathematical formulae. Once written, you can export the .tex file produced to create a pre-typeset document. Creating a LaTeX Document How, then, do you create a .tex file? Technically, since LaTeX uses plain text, you can do it in any text editor. However, most dedicated LaTeX editors come with a preview option so that you can see how your document will look while writing it. And we recommend using one of these editors. LaTeX Base, for example. Whichever editor you choose, you can simply type up your document as usual. However, you’ll also need to add markup tags to apply formatting and to structure your paper. For instance: This â€Å"section† tag tells the document to begin a new numbered section in a paper. The text in the curly brackets, meanwhile, will become the title of that section. We’d therefore need to apply this tag wherever we wanted to begin a new section in the document. Common Markup Tags There are many LaTeX tags and commands. Common examples include: Markup Tag Function Example \documentclass Defines document type (e.g., article, book) \documentclass{article} \title Sets the document title \title{How to Prepare a LaTeX Document} \author Sets the author name to be displayed \author{Barry Rushden} \date Sets the document date \date{November 2018) \begin Starts a new environment in the document (i.e., the style for a passage of text) \begin{document} \end Ends a document environment \end{document} \maketitle Adds a title page to the document \maketitle \section Begins and sets the title for a new numbered section \section{Structuring a Document} \subsection Begins and sets the title for a new numbered subsection \subsection{The Introduction} Some of these, such as the â€Å"documentclass† tag, are used in every LaTeX document. Other tags are optional. Try using some the tags above in a practice document to see how they work. * May not be true if you are studying the commercial use of Hevea brasiliensis.

Good and Bad Stress Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Good and Bad Stress Final - Research Paper Example Professions related to criminal justice are enlisted among the most stressful professions. This is partly because the nature of job exposes the ones involved to all kinds of social and psychological stressors. However, stress in the professions of criminal justice differs from the stress encountered by people in other professions in that the effects of stress don’t show up immediately. In a vast majority of cases, the stress is post-traumatic in type. The highest mean scores of the stressors are experienced by the officers who have been six and ten years of experience in the profession of criminal justice. (Violanti & Aron, 1995). This paper explores the good and bad stresses in the profession of criminal justice. Sleye (1975) has identified two kinds of stress; good stress and bad stress. Good stress is also known as eustress while another name for bad stress is distress. One of the most fundamental traits that makes the good stress experienced by officers in all professions of criminal justice in general and in police in particular different from the good stress experienced by other professionals is that in criminal justice area, it is as bad or even worse as compared to the bad stress. This is because of the fact that the people belonging to the professions of criminal justice are authorized and empowered to provide people with justice. With power comes responsibility. This is the reason why people get higher salaries and more benefits in the professions of criminal justice. However, the same benefits and luxuries associated with these professions sometimes cause huge burden upon one’s conscience if one is not satisfied with one’s performance. â€Å"High points in life can t urn into disasters. You feel guilty, you party, you spend, you gamble, you drink, you go into more debt, and these are the times when you start looking to fool around† (O’Connor, 2010). Bad stress in the criminal justice professions occurs because of several reasons which

Legal & Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal & Finance - Assignment Example Through the Fed, the government has created a compensation program act where each and every member belongs to its department. The law provides for compensation of workers as per the nature of their work. The remunerations should not be below the minimum wage and salaries provided for according to their efforts. This prevents exploitations of employees from both the private and public sector. The compensation act also provides for payment of injuries that are obtained as a result of duty. This will ensure that firms provide for safety working conditions that do not expose their staffs to any harm while on duty. Failure to conform to the legislations amounts to serious prosecutions. The employers are also expected to provide various medical and security benefits to her employees. Medical covers includes; t staffs given a potential leaf of not less than three months to either take care of a family member, women given compassionate leaf as a result of maternities and take care of the newborn or be able to access any medical care whenever necessary. These medical covers usually covered with organizations making payments to government agencies. Securities, on the other hand, are benefits that accrue to an individual after retirement. These contributions are made to them by the state and are mandatory to be remitted by the employer. How hiring and placement will be held, conditions when an employee can be rendered jobless, promotions and demotion criteria. This will provide equity in the workplace so that discrimination will not occur. Amount of salary that is compensated to the worker. Any other relevant allowances should be explicitly stated. However, the statement must show how this figures are reached or determined and should not be less than the minimum wage that is recommended by the state. Benefits, securities that are provided to employees, relationship and the rights that employees are expected to adhere to while on duty.

An Analysis of Womens Mindset About Plastic Surgery Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of Womens Mindset About Plastic Surgery Essay Based on Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia stated that beauty is a value that related to emotional aspect that mean vitality, fertility, health, happiness, goodness, and love. â€Å"Beauty is commonly defined as a characteristic present in objects, such as nature, art work, and a human person, that provides a perceptual experience of pleasure, joy, and satisfaction to the observer, through sensory manifestations such as shape, color, and personality. Beauty thus manifested usually conveys some level ofharmony amongst components of an object† (New World Encyclopedia). Thomas Aquinas (1225 1274), wrote on the essence of beauty. He thought that beauty was the result of three prerequisites: wholeness (lat. integritas) or perfection, harmony (lat. proportio) and clarity or brightness† (Pentti Rautio, 2007). For many centuries, people and philosophers have expressed their definition of beauty. They show their own argument with different definition. However, nowadays we can not get the really means of beauty, because beauty has been lost over time. It just leaves a word ( Nancy Etcoff, 1999, p. 69). Everyone want to be beautiful, especially for women. They make themselves as beautiful as they can. For being beautiful, they have an icon to be followed. They use a Barbie dolls as a fashion icon because they think that Barbie is the image of beauty woman. Barbie has thin and tall body, flawless skin, long hair and big eyes. It shows that Barbie is perfect creature. Because of it, Barbie has affected a lot of women through its beauty. Barbie become the image of beauty by its history. Barbie is named by Ruth Handler which comes from his daughter’s name Barbara. Barbara is the same as another child that play with a toys but she always use a paper to make a dolls. During a trip to Europe with her child Barbara in 1956, Ruth Handler came across a German and found a doll called Bild Lilli. The Bild Lilli doll was very popular at that time, it was made based on a character in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Die Bild-Zeitung. In 1955, The Bild Lilli doll was initially sold to adults and became popular with children who enjoyed dressing up. On her return to the United States, Ruth Handler tried to redesign the Bird Lilly doll with help from Jack Ryan that works as an engineer. Moreover, the doll that was redesign by Ruth handler was given a new name ‘Barbie’, after Ruth Handler’s daughter Barbara. The Barbie doll made its first debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York on March 9, 1959. This date is also used as Barbie’s birthday. The Bird Lilli doll production was stopped in 1964 and the first Barbie doll wore a black and white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail. The doll was marketed as a â€Å"Ten-age Fashion Model† with her clothes created by Charlotte Johnson. The first Barbie dolls were manufactured in Japan, with their clothes hand-stitched by Japanese home workers. Around 350,000 Barbie dolls were sold during the first year of production. Barbie was the first toy that has a marketing strategy on television advertising. It is estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls have been sold out in over 150 countries and every second three Barbie dolls are sold. Barbie products include not only the range of dolls with their clothes and accessories, but also a large range of Barbie branded goods such as books, apparel, cosmetics and video games. Barbie has appeared in a series of animated films and is a supporting character in â€Å"Toy Story 2† and â€Å"Toy Story 3†. Barbie has been given honors and become cultural icon that is rare in the toy world. In 1974 a section of Times Square in New York City was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week. In 2009, Barbie celebrated her 50th birthday. The celebrations included a runway show in New York for the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week and others event that used Barbie as the icon (James Penn, 2001). Barbie became a popular toy in America and the figure that was used by Mattel dolls and accessories. For five years, Barbie has been an important part of toy fashion doll market. However, behind its popularity, Barbie also became controversies because its life style. From a young age, children play with toys like Barbie dolls and burly action figures, with bodies that are physically impossible to achieve. Exposure to these â€Å"ideals† is damaging to the self-esteem of youths† (MelodyBee, 2008). Usually, most of children play Barbie, especially for girls. They make Barbie as beautiful as they can. However, playing a Barbie doll can give bad influence for children. The Barbie’s clothes or the other things in Barbie’s world have affected the girls who playing Barbie think how importance of physical appearance. Barbie has affected them in terms of fashion. They be dressed precocious because the influence of Barbie. Without realizing it, they are growing-up skipper. According to Marilyn Ferris Motz, he suggested, â€Å"Barbie has other messages for us and that the doll’s influence is more problematic, especially for children. † It means that Barbie has bad side effect for children. Not only children, but nowadays the girls or women also make Barbie as woman figure that they want. Because of the figure of Barbie and other figures of beauties, women are convinced to believe that one must look like these images to be beautiful. The easiest way to achieve this is by having plastic surgery. Plastic surgery is a type of surgery that can involve both women’s appearance and ability to function. Society today has influence women to believe that in order for a person to look beautiful, they must look like the images that are seen on television, in movies, and on the cover of magazines. Some of them are even willing to suffer in order to achieve their desired beauty. Although plastic surgery can improve women’s appearance, but it can induce a lot of detriments which may lead to dangerous risk, even death. From the description, I will analyze women’s mindset about plastic surgery.

Manhattan Project :: essays research papers

The Manhattan Project   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Winston Churchill, in 1949, was quoted to say that â€Å"the advent of the atomic bomb might prove to be the most beneficent development in history precisely because it will make war intolerable.† The interesting thing about nuclear war is that it is not merely a question of science, but one of morals and of the ethics of war. Surely, with a result so potentially catastrophic, no one within ethical boundaries could use it. I’m not sure whether Mr. Churchill had it right or if he underestimated the inherently wicked nature of human beings, but a question of equal importance must be posed first: where did it all start? To answer this question, we must predetermine what exactly it is. Let’s assume for the sake of study that it is the first atomic bomb and from that draw a conclusion that possesses a slightly better perspective. So, where did it all start? It started with a group of scientists and engineers that formed an organization called the M anhattan Project.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Manhattan Project was given almost unlimited funding by President Roosevelt and was really only a rented out school in Los Alamos, New Mexico where scientists began working on what was to be the first atomic bomb. Given it was a large camp with 6,000 sets of ears (that’s one set per person), security was obsessively tight. The General in charge of this project (General Leslie R. Groves) was very secretive and most of the scientists, technicians, and their families had no idea what it was they were working on. Perhaps the most intriguing thing was that there were 200,000 people nation wide working on some piece of this without a clue they were aiding the extermination of over 300,000 people. Over $2 billion was hidden from the public and snuck into the funding by President Roosevelt which could not have hurt the cause. This kind of spending is the reason why Germany and Japan never came close to developing the bomb.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What would any study be without a dry outline of the costs involved? The total cost for WW2 in the U.S. was approximately $3.3 trillion, and about $20 billion of that was purely spent on the A-bomb (about $5 billion per bomb). It is worth noting that that cost only includes raw materials and not the cost for all of the scientists and technicians designing it.

Inspiration

However, security, trust and convenience are among the major contending factors affecting the adoption of e-payment systems in Nigeria. This paper presents issues on the factors necessary to facilitate the development of PEPS Niger a and devise ways to enhance its adoption by users. Keywords: electronic payment system, e-money, and e-payment, Internet. 1. Introduction The worldwide proliferation of the Internet has led to the recent birth of electronic payment system : a payment service solution-software that enables monetary value to be transferred digitally.Today, electronic payment system s flourishing due to the openness, speed, anonymity, digitization, and global accessibility characteristics of the Internet [1 2], which has facilitated real-time payment transactions and the r business activities. In this paper, we considered some critical examinations on the existing payment structure in Nigeria. AY so reviewed, was different related literatures on e-payment system, and data fr om research reports. T chemical Journals, newspapers, and magazines were likewise examined.. 2.A Brief Review of the General Payment System in Nigeria In a country like Nigeria, where almost eighty percent of TTS population rely on physical cash rather than electronic payment, it is not so simple Just for people and employers of labor, to consider and decide on the basis of cost and benefit of using e-payment systems [2]. In the course of preparing this research, we had the opportunity of visiting few/remote places to find out the perception of the people about electronic money. It was observed that most people have no common knowledge about the Internet, let alone the existence of e-payments.People are quite far from all the CIT developments take Eng place in banking. What people know about banking is the use of physical cash for opposite and payment, but not electronic payments. The existing structure of the Nigerian payment system is fully based on traditional payment instruments of cash and cheeses [18]. Even for large-value payments, like sale and purchase of land and building, people prefer physical cash rather than receiving any other form of payment. This also applies to the general popular Zion. In businesses, people prefer using cheeses and drafts.Thus, Apex Bank (Central Bank of Nigeria – CAB) operates a clearing house, with many network centers for performing queue clearing throughout the country. The clearing house renders revives to the member banks and financial institutions only. Generally, all the banks and financial institutions are members of the clearing house. 2. 1 Electronic Payment Initiative in Nigeria Electronic Payment initiative began recently in Nigeria. Not all the banks and FL uncial institutions are participating in the e-payment system [11]. Although to date, most of the commercial I banks have engaged in providing some form of e-banking services.It is to be noted that not all of these institutions extend their e- banking facilities to their entire branch network. The e- payment services are mostly provided in the capital city ND some bigger cities nationwide. As mentioned, the e-payment facilities available in Nigeria are Automated Teller Machine (ATM) service, debit card, credit card, mobile banking and Internet banking [5]. Intertwines Nigeria Ltd provides the switching and settlement facilities for trans actions performed on ATM; and transact Nigh. Ltd provides mobile e-payment solutions switching and service provider.Banks purchased their software from different vendors to provide all these services to their customers. Authenticity, inter-operability, validity and confidence solely depend on the supplier of hat software [3]. However, the central bank of Nigeria and the supervisory authority of the Nigerian financial system, has thus initiated steps towards the regulation of electronic payment cyst ms in Nigeria [2]. Electronic payment system has also experienced a lot of setback in recent years due to limited availability of ATM services [5].These machines are only made available to few bank branches and clients, while the demand for the card is higher than the services provided. Infrastructure and Information Technology (IT) constraints also contributed to some of the setbacks experienced (such as: gig cost of internet connectivity, energy challenges, banks not fully automated, banks not ready for electronic payment services, and contentedness of people with the existing system because of lack of awareness on the benefit of the new technology [11]. CICS. Reapers/locals-9-2-1-462-467. Dif Facilitating the adoption of e-payment systems: theoretical constructs and empirical analysis Document Information: Title: analysis Author(s): Gives Г ¶azans, (Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey), Guyana Binaural, (Brunet University, Submerged, I-J), Ray Hackney, (Brunet University, Submerged, I-J) Citation: Gives Г ¶azans, Guyana Binaural, Ray Hackney, (2010) à ¢â‚¬Å"Facilitating the adoption of e- payment systems: theoretical constructs and empirical analysis†, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Volvo. 23 Sis: 3, up. 05 – 325 Keywords: Electronic commerce, Payments, Risk, Trust Article type: Research paper DOE 10. 1108/17410391011036085 (Permanent URL) Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited Abstract: Purpose – The emergence of online transactions, enabled through internet media, has led to an increase in the availability of electronic payment (e-payment) systems. This research aims to investigate, through theoretical constructs (technology acceptance model, theory of reasoned action) and an empirical analysis, the critical factors that may ensure consumer adoption of these facilities.Design/methodology/ approach – This research study mainly uses the deductive approach to consider secondary sources and primary data, where hypotheses have been developed in order to demonstrate the findings. An init ial literature review revealed six issues that are considered critical for e-payment considerations. An anonymous and self- administered survey based on the research model was developed and e-mailed to he respondents. A total of 1 55 questionnaires were coded and analyses using SAPS to analyses the hypotheses.Advances in information technology and changes in laws, institutions and regulations in some countries have encouraged the emergence of new payment instruments as well as the delivery and processing arrangements for small and large value, time critical payments. With e commerce now in the mainstream of economic activities, we can therefore expect more major changes in the payment systems worldwide in the next five years than we have in the last five decades. Obviously, the e Philippines cannot escape from this sea change.This paper discusses key operational concepts involved in a payment system and describes the emerging payment systems in industrialized countries. This gives d eveloping countries, like the Philippines, a preview of the likely evolution of their payment systems in the next few years as they deepen the integration of their economies with the rest of the world. The paper gives a detailed description of the existing payment system in the Philippines and disc uses innovations in payments media, especially noncoms payment instruments, and facilities for the clearing and settlement of payments.Areas for improving the efficiency and reducing risks in existing payment system have been identified. Developments in the payment system have implications for the conduct of monetary policy. The second to the last section of this paper, therefore, deals with this issue. In particular, it discusses specific payment system innovations, such as the switch to ARTS system m and use of electronic payments media, that can enhance or attenuate the effectiveness of traditional monetary tools. The last section presents some recommendations.Key words: payment system ; electronic payment system; credit transfer; debit transfer; electronic money; transmission mechanism; seignior; queue clearing. President, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PITS). The author wishes to thank Dry. Vaccine Alden's, Jar. , member of the Monetary Board, and Mr.. Francisco P. Yap, Jar. , President of the Philippine Clearing House Corporation, for their insightful comments on the first draft of this paper. Thanks are also due to Mr.. Gill Olivarez Lime, Mr.. Francis vela, Mr.. Jerome A. Archangel, Mr.. Alton Offering, Ms. Carlisle Scintilla, and Mr..Joel A. Ramose for sharing their insights on how the payment system in the Philippines operates. The author s grateful to Ms. Sharon Theta Vital, Ms. Merle Galvan and Ms. Juanita Deletion for their excellent assistance in preparing this paper. The usual disclaimer applies. 2 INTRODUCTION It is commonly known that a country's infrastructure system determines to a large extent the efficiency of the economy. In a mod ern economy, the payment system I s a major component of the country's infrastructure system. Indeed, no country nowadays can afford to take its payment system for granted.Firms pay wages to their employees and purchase raw materials from their suppliers. In turn, they receive payments for the sale of their rodents and services. Consumers make payment transactions several times in a day. Needless to say, value is transferred among participants in the economy every minute of the day, and it increases as the economy grows. The country ‘s payment system, therefore, must be efficient so that funds can quickly move among market participants for productive use, thereby promoting more activities in the economy. According to Humphrey et al. 2000), the resource cost of a nation's payment sys tem can account for 3 percent of its GAP. Modernizing a country's payment system can certainly reduce that resource cost. Thus, while the country continues to spend on roads, bridges, power supply, etc. , it must not neglect to invest in its payment system m to improve the efficiency of economy, in general, and the financial system, in particular. Through the years, payment systems have considerably changed as forms of payment have evolved from precious metals to currency and checks and recently to electro ionic payments.These changes have been made because of the need to facilitate voluminous transactions occurring in rapidly growing and increasingly more sophisticated economies. Customers naturally seek the most efficient payment teeth, while providers of payment services normally seek the most profitable payments system. Advances in information technology and changes in laws, institutions and regulations in some countries have encouraged the emergence of new payment instruments as well as the delivery and processing arrangements for small and large value, time critical payments.With commerce now in the mainstream of economic activities, we can therefore expect more 3 major changes in the payment systems worldwide in the next five years than we have I n the last five decades. Obviously, the Philippines cannot escape from this sea change. Developments in the payment system have implications for the conduct of monetary policy. Well functioning financial markets can improve the effectiveness of Indore CT instruments of monetary policy because it is through these markets that the signal of monetary policy is transmitted to the intermediate and ultimate targets of the policy Monsoons et al. 998). The effective functioning of the financial market is, in turn, affected by the extent of the efficiency of the country's payment system. Also, rapid innovations taking place in the country's payment system can unpredictably alter the emend for and supply of money, thereby affecting the effectiveness of convene national monetary tools. Monetary authorities, therefore, cannot afford to be indifferent to the rapid innovations taking place in the payment system.A coun try's payment system, no matter how advanced and sophisticated, is not immune to risks. One part y in a payment transaction may not be able to receive or use the funds at a time when she needs them for another transaction for one reason or another (e. G. , fraud, bank closure, clearing and settlement failures, etc). More importantly, failure of one par captain to settle one large payment transaction could quickly spread to other transactions and institutions involved in the payment system, causing disruptions to the entire payment system.Systemic failure of the payment system can inevitably undermine t he effectiveness of monetary policy and adversely affect the real sector of the economy. The monetary authorities, therefore, have great interest in promoting efficient and sound payment system and in seeking ways to minimize systemic risk in the payment system because it has important implications for the conduct of monetary policy, the soundness of the uncial institutions and the fu nctioning of the economy as a whole (Baling et al. 996). Recently, the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (CAP AS) of the Bank for International Settlements (IBIS) has developed core principles for systematically 4 important payment systems (see Table 1 These are certainly relevant to emerging market and transition economies especially since they are in the process s of improving their payment systems in order to better handle the growing payment flows within and across their borders.The development of these core principles clearly demonstrates he amount of attention currently given by developed as well as develop ins economies in modernizing payment system in light of increasing financial market integration worldwide. This paper in general attempts to assess the efficiency of the existing payment system in the Philippines and its implications for the conduct of MO notary policy. Section II discusses key operational concepts involved in a payment system. This provides a gen eral background to the issues discussed in the subsequent sections.Section II discusses emerging payment systems in industrialized countries. Modern payment systems have evolved in industrialized countries and rapidly spread to developing countries, especially to those that have already substantially liberalized their financial markets. This evolution has continued in response to the growing v illume and complexity of the transactions and as new technologies emerge. Thus, the emerging payment systems in industrialized countries provide developing countries, like the Philippines, a preview of the likely evolution of their payment systems.Socio n IV describes and makes an assessment of the existing payment system in the Philippines. Section V assesses the implications of the existing and likely evolution of the country's payment system for the implementation of monetary policy. The last section presents some recommendations. The IBIS is an international organization, which fosters coo peration among central banks and other agencies in pursuit of monetary and financial sat ability and serves as the central bank of central banks.Its head office is in Basel, Switzerland and its representative office for Asia and the Pacific is in Hong Kong. 5 Economic transactions involve the rangers of goods and services and the corresponding transfer of value . As illustrated in Figure 1 , these transfers flow in opposite direction. A pa Yemen system, which is indicated in the lower part of is a method of transferring value between buyers (payers) and sellers (payees). In reality, a payment system is much more complex than what is suggested in the figure above. 1998) provides the following comprehensive description of a payment system: â€Å"A payment system encompasses a set of instruments and means generally acceptable in making payments; the institutional and organizational framework overdoing such payments (including prudential regulation); and the operating procedures and co mmunications network used to initiate and transmit payment information from payer to payee and to settle payments. † This section discusses the functions, types of risks and payment instruments in a payment system.A. Functions of a Payment System Any payment transaction has essentially two parts: the flow of information providing payment instructions and the flow of funds . Both flows may have different timing and direction. Each payment trans action requires some form of payment instrument o convey the information about the transactions, which may include the face value of the payment, the identity of the parties (I. E. , the payer and the payee) and their intermediaries, the transaction date, ND the value or settlement date.Regardless of the type of payment instrument used to effect payment, the payment system's functions of clearing and settlement occur. Clearing is the process of transmitting, reconciling and in some cases confirming Payne NT orders or security transfer in structions prior to settlement, possibly including netting of instructions and the establishment of final positions for settlement. This will be clarified further below. 6 Settlement is the act of transferring â€Å"good and final funds† between two parties.A Payne NT is settled with finality when the payer can no longer revoke the transfer of funds to the payee and the funds have been delivered unconditionally to the payee. This is the ultimate objective of a payment system. B. Various Types of Risk in a Payment S http://drips. Pits. Gob. PH/iris/PDF/peptidase's. PDF Retail Electronic Payments Systems for Va lee Transfers in the Developing World Bill Manure Department of Anthropology University of California, Irvine [email  protected] Deed Work in Progress This is a draft concept paper.You are welcome to cite or quote, but please do not do so without the author's perm session. Comments welcome. Summary A new â€Å"payments space† has emerged in the past five to ten years that promises to bring access to funds transfer, banking and financial SE revives to millions of unbaked people in developing countries and in the diasporas that remit funds to them. This payments space is characterized by the I innovative use of new information and communications technologies. This paper summarizes the expel irenic to date of us chi new electronic payments systems.

Treaty of Paris 1783 and the American Revolution

Following the British defeat at the Battle of Yorktown in October 1781, leaders in Parliament decided that offensive campaigns in North America should cease in favor of a different, more limited approach. This was spurred by the widening of the war to include France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic. Through the fall and following winter, British colonies in the Caribbean fell to enemy forces as did Minorca. With anti-war forces growing in power, Lord Norths government fell in late March 1782 and was replaced by one led by Lord Rockingham. Learning that Norths government had fallen, Benjamin Franklin, the American ambassador in Paris, wrote to Rockingham expressing a desire to begin peace negotiations. Understanding that making peace was a necessity, Rockingham elected to embrace the opportunity. While this pleased Franklin, and his fellow negotiators John Adams, Henry Laurens, and John Jay, they made it clear that the terms of the United States alliance with France prevented them from making peace without French approval. In moving forward, the British decided that they would not accept American independence as a precondition for beginning talks. Political Intrigue This reluctance was due to their knowledge that France was experiencing financial difficulties and a hope that military fortunes could be reversed. To begin the process, Richard Oswald was sent to meet with the Americans while Thomas Grenville was dispatched to begin talks with the French. With negotiations proceeding slowly, Rockingham died in July 1782 and Lord Shelburne became the head of the British government. Though British military operations began to have success, the French stalled for time as they were working with Spain to capture Gibraltar. In addition, the French sent a secret envoy to London as there were several issues, including fishing rights on the Grand Banks, on which they disagreed with their American allies. The French and Spanish were also concerned about American insistence on the Mississippi River as a western border. In September, Jay learned of the secret French mission and wrote to Shelburne detailing why he should not be influenced by the French and Spanish. In this same period, Franco-Spanish operations against Gibraltar were failing to leave the French to begin debating ways for exiting the conflict. Advancing to Peace Leaving their allies to bicker amongst themselves, the Americans became aware of a letter sent during the summer to George Washington in which Shelburne conceded the point of independence. Armed with this knowledge, they re-entered talks with Oswald. With the issue of independence settled, they began hammering out the details which included border issues and discussion of reparations. On the former point, the Americans were able to get the British to agree to the borders established after the French Indian War rather than those set by the Quebec Act of 1774. By the end of November, the two sides produced a preliminary treaty based on the following points: Great Britain recognized the Thirteen Colonies to be free, sovereign and independent states.The borders of the United States would be those of 1763 extending west to the Mississippi.The United States would receive fishing rights on the Grand Banks and Gulf of St. Lawrence.All contracted debts were to be paid to creditors on each side.The Congress of the Confederation would recommend that each state legislature provide restitution for property taken from Loyalists.The United States would prevent property from being taken from Loyalists in the future.All prisoners of war were to be released.Both the United States and Great Britain were to have perpetual access to the Mississippi.Territory captured by the United States subsequent to the treaty was to be returned.Ratification of the treaty was to occur within six months of signing. With the British relief of Gibraltar in October, the French ceased to have any interest in aiding the Spanish. As a result, they were willing to accept a sepa rate Anglo-American peace. Reviewing the treaty, they grudgingly accepted it on November 30. Signing Ratification With the French approval, the Americans and Oswald signed a preliminary treaty on November 30. The terms of the treaty provoked a political firestorm in Britain where the concession of territory, abandonment of the Loyalists, and granting of fishing rights proved particularly unpopular. This backlash forced Shelburne to resign and a new government was formed under the Duke of Portland. Replacing Oswald with David Hartley, Portland hoped to modify the treaty. This was blocked by the Americans who insisted on no changes. As a result, Hartley and the American delegation signed the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783. Brought before the Congress of the Confederation at Annapolis, MD, the treaty was ratified on January 14, 1784. Parliament ratified the treaty on April 9 and ratified copies of the document were exchanged the following month in Paris. Also on September 3, Britain signed separate treaties ending their conflicts with France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic. These largely saw the European nations exchange colonial possessions with Britain regaining the Bahamas, Grenada, and Montserrat while ceding the Floridas to Spain. Frances gains included Senegal as well as having fishing rights guaranteed on the Grand Banks. Selected Sources University of Oklahoma: Treaty of Paris (1783) TextUS State Department: Treaty of Paris (1783)Patriot Resource: Treaty of Paris (1783)